Market Economy - 988 Words

According to Economics: Principles Practices, one of the disadvantages is â€Å"that it does not provide for the basic needs of everyone in the society.† That is true, but with the assistance from some government services such as Social Security and Medicare, the people will be helped and still remain free to purchase and buy what they want. Another disadvantage that is stated is the possibility of economic failure. The economic could fail if there is not enough competition. In a mixed market economy, the government helps prevent monopolies and to ensure competition (Economics, pg 39). With the competition, motivation is created to strive to be successful. The goals that a mixed market economy is trying to accomplish are economic†¦show more content†¦A market and a mixed market economy are very similar. They share many advantages and disadvantages. The main difference is that there is almost no government involvement at all. This could display and advantage and also disadvantage. The advantage is that the government is not holding you back by small laws and rules. This could make you wealthier and wealthier and give you more and more power. There are no restrictions on selling and buying items along with handling them. This also, however, could be a disadvantage to most people. In a market economy, there is no financial service that the government runs. In simpler terms, the poor get poorer and poorer. There is no aid you can get from the government to help you because of the very little government involvement. In a mixed market economy the producers and consumers decide on the three basic questions in economics. The questions are what, how, and for whom to produce. Supply and demand answers the questions. The consumers wants determines what is produce. The producers determine how to produce it by figuring out the most efficient way to make what the consumers want. For whom to produce it for is the consumers and whoever is willing to pay for th e product. (Economics pgs 6-7) As one can see, a mixed market economy gives citizens freedom but with the protection of the government. There are many advantages to this typeShow MoreRelatedFree Market Economy837 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States is known to operate in a free market economy. In other words, the economy is based solely on supply and demand with little to no government control. In reality, however, the United States has various government regulations on our country’s market. The amount of regulation that is necessary is a continuing debate among politicians and economists to this day. Some would say that the key to a successful market economy is to remove government restrictions in order to force businessesRead MoreHow A Market Economy Is An Economy1696 Words   |  7 PagesA market economy is an economy in which decisions regarding investment production and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are de termined in a free price system. (Alvather, 1993) Market economies may be practical, but they also rest upon the fundamental principle of individual freedom: freedom as a consumer to choose among competing products and services; freedom as a producer to start or expand a business and share its risks and rewards; freedom as a workerRead MoreFree Market Economies2080 Words   |  8 Pagescentury. As usual the battles were for supremacy and for the right to have colonies all over the globe, because when these wars were raging the whole world was to be re-discovered in some way. Back then navies where the main driving force of the economy and even for the world. They were the only known to man method of transporting goods, slaves and people. History of France France was a pure monarchy for a vast period of its history as an established society of people. During this period peopleRead MoreCoordinated Market Economy17621 Words   |  71 PagesUsing aggregate analysis, this paper examines the core contentions of the â€Å"varieties of capitalism† perspective on comparative capitalism. We construct a coordination index to assess whether the institutional features of liberal and coordinated market economies conform to the predictions of the theory. We test the contention that institutional complementarities occur across sub-spheres of the macroeconomy by examining the correspondence of institutions across sub-spheres and estimating the impact ofRead MoreThe Establishment Of A Free Market Economy964 Words   |  4 PagesThe establishment of a free market economy with the creation of joint-stock companies in the modern-day Netherlands during the 1500-1600s spelt the beginning of capitalism, an economic system which has, since this perio d, brought untold prosperity to billions throughout the world. Its proliferation throughout Europe is one of the primary reasons why in the centuries thereafter it became the sole hegemon on the world stage, with its greatest embracer, Great Britain, holding sway over a fourth of theRead MoreGovernment As A Market Economy1386 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of government in a market economy? Do you think government should intervene in a market economic system? Why? Explain. The government plays a critical role in a market economy, for it establishes the strategies of providing key services, redistribution, regulation and subdivision. Concerning provision, the government plays the role of providing public goods and services such as national security, which is imperative for a stable economy. Within the American economy for example, the Lorenz curveRead MoreMajor Differences Between A Command Economy And A Market Economy1538 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Market Economies There are many major differences between a command economy and a market economy. To start out with, a command economy is planned, where the government decides the main economic decisions. Next, a market economy is when individuals are free to make their own decisions as they buy and sell products. So between both economies, the command economy is planned and the market economy is free. In conclusion a command economy and a market economy, are two completely different thingsRead MoreConsumerism And Free Market Economy1509 Words   |  7 Pagesthat we buy, the food that we consume, the clothes and shoes that we wear, and our everyday lives are influenced by commercialism. Proponents for commercialism can argue that commercialism as essential in the enhancement of capitalism and free market economy. It can also lead to innovation competition of companies in meeting the needs of consumers. However, Commercialism can lead to an increase in wasteful consumption or consumerism. It can also lead to the depletion of natural resources in tryingRead MoreA Free Market Economy Is Better Than Command Economy Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesA Free-market economy is better than Command economy Free-market and Command economy are the two-major economy system. It has sparked years of controversies among individuals over which system is better. However, no agreement has been reached. Meanwhile, it is obvious that free-market economy predominates all around the world as the majority of countries are following an economy which free-market process the dominating position. The significant difference between is whether government interventionRead MoreThe Theory Of A Open Market Economy2492 Words   |  10 Pagesbetween the hands of men and women of all walks of life. With this almost natural concept came another one of darker pretenses, the invisible hand. Originally proposed by logician and economist Adam Smith, the invisible hand is the concept of a open market economy in which everyone looks out solely for their own well being. This was seen at first as the sure fire way to ensure prosperity for all no matter what social class one may inhabit. However, this system of economic trickle down has proven not only

Expansionism and Continuation of Past Us Expansionism Free Essays

Between the years 1860 and 1877 a revolution was brought on in the United States due to constitutional and social developments. Significant constitutional developments such as secession in 1860 and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 play an important role in the road to revolution. Social developments play a smaller role in this revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Expansionism and Continuation of Past Us Expansionism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Freed slaves are the root of social developments such as the Black Codes, the Freedman’s Bureau, and the Ku Klux Klan. Politics and states’ rights, black suffrage, and civil rights issues all combine to create a revolution. However, while certain constitutional developments during this time period have proven to be revolutionary, the social developments of this era have proven to be exactly the opposite. Document A shows the first colossal step of secession, that being the South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession. In 1860, South Carolina is the first state that secedes from the Union. This is a vital constitutional development because after South Carolina secedes, other states begin to follow and secede from the Union as well. Document A discusses delegated powers and how powers not delegated to the US government are reserved for the people to handle, which is what the South strongly believes in. The Northern Unionists, on the other hand, believes to strengthen the federal government, which is shown in Document B. Senator John Sherman, a Northerner, describes states’ rights as a lack of nationality and how it is the reason the United States government is being overthrown. Unionists claim that the strong principles of states’ rights ruin the Union and will lead to financial and political ruin in the future. Sherman is advocating the restoration of the National Bank by saying that Americans should depend on the United States for currency and trade. Northern Unionists want a stronger central government and after the Civil War they get what they want. The end result of the Civil War is that the central government has the most power it has ever had up to this point in history. While the social developments during this era are not necessarily revolutionary, these developments have helped shape America to what it is today. Black suffrage is an important social development that helps change American society. Document D represents the different opinions of moderate and radical republicans on the issue of slavery. Moderate republican, Gideon Welles argues that slavery should be set aside instead of abolished. An important request that Blacks have after they are freed is that they should be given the right to vote. Document C is a petition from African American citizens to the Union convention of Tennessee, in this petition former slaves are sternly stating that they helped fight for the Union army and therefore, they deserve the right to vote. If former rebellious Southerners are allowed to vote, then African Americans should be given the right to vote as well. Document C especially shows that Blacks don’t have any rights during Johnson’s Reconstruction era. White supremacists, or the Ku Klux Klan, believe strongly that African Americans should not vote and they will go to radical extremes to prevent them from voting. Document I symbolizes the cruelty of the Ku Klux Klan by showing two white supremacists shaking hands over a crest with two Black people cringing in pain. This image not only represents the cruelty of the KKK, but also how social developments are not revolutionary. When the Northern military left the South, this allowed for the Redeemer governments to rise to power. These Redeemer governments were catastrophic and only proved that the New South was, in fact, worse than the former South before secession. Since this New South is found to be atrocious, in no way is it revolutionary. Other social developments, such as the Freedmen’s Bureau, play a small part in the change of American society, which is technically a small revolution in itself. The Freedmen’s Bureau is designed to help Blacks and poor whites with food, shelter, and education (Document E). However, as stated in Document E, the Freedmen’s Bureau was going to give Homesteads to the freed slaves, but the government kept none of its promises. Freed African Americans demand the right for land and they find it unfair that once again Southerners, former traitors to the Union, are handed land when they do not rightly deserve it. Rather the African Americans deserve the land because they were loyal to the Union in the Union’s time of need. African Americans are speaking out more, which is a positive development because these demands are what eventually will get them their rights. Senator Lot Morrill describes the Civil Rights Act of 1866 as absolutely revolutionary (Document F). Senator Lot Morrill, a Unionist, is responsible for the Morrill Tariff Act. This act is designed to raise tariffs to provide land to states for education. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is not only an important constitutional development, but also a social development. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments are all beneficial constitutional developments because hese amendments show that the federal government has more power than state governments. The Civil Rights Act considers African Americans as citizens. From the time of South Carolina’s seceding in 1860 to the final withdrawal of Union troops from the South in 1877, the nation of America was filled with revolutions. There was constant development in this time both socially and constitutionally. It was a result of these developments that the Revolutions of the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Redeemers would take place. How to cite Expansionism and Continuation of Past Us Expansionism, Essay examples

Expansionism and Continuation of Past Us Expansionism Free Essays

Between the years 1860 and 1877 a revolution was brought on in the United States due to constitutional and social developments. Significant constitutional developments such as secession in 1860 and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 play an important role in the road to revolution. Social developments play a smaller role in this revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Expansionism and Continuation of Past Us Expansionism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Freed slaves are the root of social developments such as the Black Codes, the Freedman’s Bureau, and the Ku Klux Klan. Politics and states’ rights, black suffrage, and civil rights issues all combine to create a revolution. However, while certain constitutional developments during this time period have proven to be revolutionary, the social developments of this era have proven to be exactly the opposite. Document A shows the first colossal step of secession, that being the South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession. In 1860, South Carolina is the first state that secedes from the Union. This is a vital constitutional development because after South Carolina secedes, other states begin to follow and secede from the Union as well. Document A discusses delegated powers and how powers not delegated to the US government are reserved for the people to handle, which is what the South strongly believes in. The Northern Unionists, on the other hand, believes to strengthen the federal government, which is shown in Document B. Senator John Sherman, a Northerner, describes states’ rights as a lack of nationality and how it is the reason the United States government is being overthrown. Unionists claim that the strong principles of states’ rights ruin the Union and will lead to financial and political ruin in the future. Sherman is advocating the restoration of the National Bank by saying that Americans should depend on the United States for currency and trade. Northern Unionists want a stronger central government and after the Civil War they get what they want. The end result of the Civil War is that the central government has the most power it has ever had up to this point in history. While the social developments during this era are not necessarily revolutionary, these developments have helped shape America to what it is today. Black suffrage is an important social development that helps change American society. Document D represents the different opinions of moderate and radical republicans on the issue of slavery. Moderate republican, Gideon Welles argues that slavery should be set aside instead of abolished. An important request that Blacks have after they are freed is that they should be given the right to vote. Document C is a petition from African American citizens to the Union convention of Tennessee, in this petition former slaves are sternly stating that they helped fight for the Union army and therefore, they deserve the right to vote. If former rebellious Southerners are allowed to vote, then African Americans should be given the right to vote as well. Document C especially shows that Blacks don’t have any rights during Johnson’s Reconstruction era. White supremacists, or the Ku Klux Klan, believe strongly that African Americans should not vote and they will go to radical extremes to prevent them from voting. Document I symbolizes the cruelty of the Ku Klux Klan by showing two white supremacists shaking hands over a crest with two Black people cringing in pain. This image not only represents the cruelty of the KKK, but also how social developments are not revolutionary. When the Northern military left the South, this allowed for the Redeemer governments to rise to power. These Redeemer governments were catastrophic and only proved that the New South was, in fact, worse than the former South before secession. Since this New South is found to be atrocious, in no way is it revolutionary. Other social developments, such as the Freedmen’s Bureau, play a small part in the change of American society, which is technically a small revolution in itself. The Freedmen’s Bureau is designed to help Blacks and poor whites with food, shelter, and education (Document E). However, as stated in Document E, the Freedmen’s Bureau was going to give Homesteads to the freed slaves, but the government kept none of its promises. Freed African Americans demand the right for land and they find it unfair that once again Southerners, former traitors to the Union, are handed land when they do not rightly deserve it. Rather the African Americans deserve the land because they were loyal to the Union in the Union’s time of need. African Americans are speaking out more, which is a positive development because these demands are what eventually will get them their rights. Senator Lot Morrill describes the Civil Rights Act of 1866 as absolutely revolutionary (Document F). Senator Lot Morrill, a Unionist, is responsible for the Morrill Tariff Act. This act is designed to raise tariffs to provide land to states for education. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is not only an important constitutional development, but also a social development. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments are all beneficial constitutional developments because hese amendments show that the federal government has more power than state governments. The Civil Rights Act considers African Americans as citizens. From the time of South Carolina’s seceding in 1860 to the final withdrawal of Union troops from the South in 1877, the nation of America was filled with revolutions. There was constant development in this time both socially and constitutionally. It was a result of these developments that the Revolutions of the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Redeemers would take place. How to cite Expansionism and Continuation of Past Us Expansionism, Essay examples

Environment and Land Regulation for Development- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEnvironment and Land Regulation for Principal Development. Answer: Notably, environmental planning instruments are either local or state environmental planning policies. Through these planning instruments, the state and local government agencies are able to regulate development plans through formulation of development standards, land reservation and protection of eco system and the environment (NSW Government n.d).It is the mandate of local councils to assess and approve developmental plans according to the council environmental planning standards and guidelines .In addition,environmental plans are very crucial in managing the relationship between the development and developmental plans. Whereas development control plans are specific in nature, environmental planning instruments take a more general standard nature. Primarily, development control plans are specific and comprehensive guidelines based on the locality(Tamsworthn.d).Also, under development control plans, there is a comprehensive guideline on the development design and the planning process .The importance of development control plans lie in the fact that they help identify other controls for the specific development plan at the council level.It is imperative that all inhabitants be aware of the environmental instruments in their localities due to the fact that there are legal requirements for some of the developments they might want to put up. As a requirement of law, inhabitants ought to be aware of their environmental obligations when it comes to planning and development. Principal development standard in the local environmental plan imply those standards which the council consider most important for any prospective development application.The principal standards are those standards that if not followed by a proposed development plan, the council will automatically reject the application. Principal standards cannot be compromised and ought to be inclusive in all approved development plans .In the case of zoning table ,the council determines what different types of developments can be put under residential property. Under the different zones tables, there are permitted acts of development and non-permitted acts of development. This zoning tables guide the actions of residential and non-residential development structures to ensure compliance with the local authorities guidelines and regulations. Through the zoning tables, the local authorities are able to control the use of land in their respective localities. Usually, zoning tables differ from one local authority to the other based on the special circumstances of that area. Also, through the zone tables, local authorities are able to control urban developments through their zoning requirements. Zoning gets to control what private land owners do with their land. Essentially, zoning is a tool used by councils to segregate land uses thereby dictating what can be done and what cannot be done within a given local authority. Primarily, each states has its own exempt standards. Particularly, exempt applications could be in terms of development or building approval .Moreover, for any development to be considered exempt it has to meet different standards due to the lack of universality of exempt standards. Under environmental planning,there are some environmental development that require approval either from the state or local authorities. In the event of an exempt, primarily it means that the development plan requires no council approval for its commencement(City of Sidney n.d).Usually exempt development applies to minor development plans. However complying development requires assessment and approval from the respective council. Complying refers to development which have minimal impact on the environment .Usually, complying development are assessed based on predetermined standards of a given locality(Singleton N.d).For an application to be considered to comply it means that the application is a combination of planning and construction approval. Usually, a complying development is a type of fast tracked assessment by the local council authorities .For complying developments, approvals are given for both residential and industrial types of development. To find out whether your development plan is exempt or complying, it is imperative to visit the local council offices with a copy of the development to confirm the status of their application. Primarily, the Greater Sydney Commission was put in place to regulate the growth of the various districts (Greater Sydney commission, n .d).The commission has the mandate to roll out district plans for 5 districts. The district plans are meant to connect regional planning and local planning. In addition,through the district plans, local authorities such as councils are able to better plan for growth. Also, the district plans are meant to help local authorities to condition their local planning initiatives and implementation to place-based results. Generally, district plans are meant to guide the planning development process at the local level. Also, the commission is tasked with helping to achieve the forty year vision plan (Greater Sydney commissionn. d.).This oversight role of the Greater Sydney Commission gives it powers in influencing planning at the local level .The district plans are aimed at achieving greater goals thus its involvement at the local planning level. In the event that local planning strategies conflict with the district plan, it means the development plan will not be approved. The Greater Sydney Commissions sets the development planning standards for Sydney in order to achieve growth and change. For all local councils in Sydney, the planning strategies are influenced by the Sydney district plan thus making the commission a final authority on the developmental planning of future developments within Sydney. Despite being private property, assessment of development on private property is subject to state and local laws .It is the duty of local authorities (council) to assess private property developmental plans to minimize the damage on the environment (Yusoff2014).Some private development plans are likely to harm the environment thus the need for regulation thud it is the duty of local authorities such as councils to approve development plans that do not adversely affect the environment. It is the mandate of the council and respective local authorities to ensure that the developments taking place within their respective council jurisdictions. In addition, some council environmental plans require that certain developments, they on private or public private require council assessment and approval thus making the assessment process a legal requirement rather than an optional private enterprise. Through assessment of development plans, local authorities are able to determine whether the development has or is complying with the approved development or construction plan. Through assessment, local authorities are able to oversee urban planning through its oversight role. Also, through performance of assessment framework, the progress of the report can be monitored by the council to ensure compliance with environmental and planning standards .It is crucial that regular assessment of development plans be done to ensure compliance. Reference List City of Sydney. N .d.When DA is required. [Online]. New South Wales Government.Available at https://www.cityofsydne y.nsw.gov.au/development/application-guide/when-a-da-is-required[Accessed 28 Apr 2018] Greater Sydney Commission. (N .d).What are District plans?[Online].Greater Sydney commission. Available at https://www.greater.sydney/district-plans[Accessed 28 Apr 2018] Greater Sydney Commission. (N. d).South District Plan. [Online].Greater Sydney Commision.Org. Available at https://www.greater.sydney/south-district-plan[Accessed 28 Apr 2018] Kearney Brown, M. (2016).Greater Sydney Commission to plan for citys future. [Online]. ABC News.Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-21/greater-sydney-commission-unveils-detailed-plan-for-city/8041246[Accessed 28 Apr 2018] NSW Government. (N. d).What is an environmental planning Instrument (EPI).[Online]. Planning Portal News. Available at https://www.planningportal.nsw.gov.au/node/2057[Accessed 28 Apr 2018] Singleton. (N. d).Complying Development[Online].Singleton. Available athttps://www.singleton.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx?NID=575[Accessed 28 Apr 2018] Tamsworth. (N .d).Development Control Plans. [Online].Tamsworth News .Available at https://www.tamworth.nsw.gov.au/Planning-and-Development/Plans-and-Strategies/Development-Control-Plans--DCPs-/Development-Control-Plans/default.aspx[Accessed 28 Apr 2018] Yusoff, M.S. (2014).An analysis of local plan for development council at local planning level in the state of Selangor.[Online].Science direct].Available athttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814055323/pdf?md5=8e4e93abe2c4009c6c75ac8ff8bf24d0pid=1-s2.0-S1877042814055323-main.pdf_valck=1[Accessed 28 Apr 2018]

The Need for Equality in Education free essay sample

Jiddu Krishnamurti became one of the world’s greatest thinkers and religious teachers in the 1920’s. Wisely, he once taught, â€Å"The ability to observe without evaluation is the highest form of intelligence.† Unfortunately, mankind evolved in the opposite direction of this advice, and judges others unjustifiably. Specifically, the decision to withhold access to education on an equal-opportunity basis to certain groups fits this criteria of wrongful â€Å"evaluation†. Ultimately, this mistake will lead to greater destruction towards the oppressors than the victims. The first to suffer will be entrepreneurs. Business owners rely on their pool of customers to be diverse. Segregation limits consumer numbers. Even simple work-force segregation could lead to a devastating boycott. Even if only one person refuses to make education available to all, the influence of one man can not only kill thousands of Jews, but lead to the inevitable downfall of Adolf Hitler himself. Women without as much right to be seen in public without male escorts in Middle Eastern countries suffer in unnecessary subjugation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for Equality in Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Men claim to understand their holy Koran to mean that women must not only remain under male control, but she must be beaten, humiliated, and even killed should she disobey. However, the prophet Muhammad himself taught that fathers must treat their daughters respectfully, and should regard them as equals to their sons. Those refusing to grant education to the oppressed may gain power over their victims, but withholding basic human rights consumes focus and hinders further mental growth for the oppressors. Oppressors have only an imagined grasp of control over their victims. Let us imagine for a moment the life of a king: he is the last word, the final authority and judgement among his subjects. He makes the last, but not the first. Yes, he makes decisions and everyone must obey, but his place in power is determined by the people’s decision not to oust him from the throne. The people, his royal guard, all remain loyal as long as he can maintain the image of strength and credible leadership. Kings only rule if there are people willing to be ruled, and entrepreneurs only sell if there are buyers. They only sell as much as people buy. Plato uses a metaphorical ‘cave’ to tell the story of prisoners in darkness, chained so they cannot even see the sunlight enter the cave. The effort of holding someone back from education takes time and willpower that could be used for other activities, like taking mental journeys into one’s own light. People who oppress others will in turn oppress themselves. The chains, it can be assumed, are oppressors preventing the ascension of the people to metaphorical light, or enlightenment. Those chains, in holding their prisoners, remain also in the darkness. William Mangino wrote an article for Hofstra University about the negative effects privilege has on educational endeavors. He provided data representing the difference between privileged students and their lower status maintaining peers. As it turned out, people as much in the past as today are less likely to continue to higher education if they are in the top one percent of privileged humans. The richest kids will fall out of education, or make less efforts to obtain a degree. Mangino calls it the â€Å"’privilege hypothesis’: because privileged people have more informal opportunities to deploy a given level of human capital, they opt out of education at earlier points than their less privileged counterparts. The le ss privilegedhave fewer informal opportunities to exchange human capital and they†¦pursue†¦more education†¦ [to gain] comparable status† Without the need for more money, there is no feeling of emergency to obtain a higher status. These people feel at the height of life, and therefore have no need to be educated. There shouldnt be any assumption that the high life is detrimental to the lives of these people, on the contrary, privilege means more opportunity for them. However, this contentment drives away motivation for mental growth. This separation from education leaves the person vulnerable to ‘evaluating’ their peers, even underprivileged but educated peers, incorrectly. This dangerous response is not automatic among groups. It is spawned from a single source. The world witnessed one of the worst judges of humans during World War II. The passions of one man swayed armies of men to hate and to murder. Those mistaken to believe in personal supremacy without viewing the entire truthful world spread their opinionated views, the hatred, and the prejudice. This separates groups from each other that work better when together, like men and women. The sensitive topic that is ‘gender issues’ usually ends up in a battle of the sexes: Men vs Women. The better way to speak our minds as ladies is to speak in terms men can relate to.Men understand progress. They will understand us if we tell them how our freedom, our educational rights, will add to their progress. Should men and women band together in that intellectual journey, what progress will we finally find, hand in hand? In this time of technological leaps, women have been allowed education and so much more. In 2009, about 43.2 million women had jobs in the United States. Women are closer to equality today than in the sixties when women worked less than half as much as men. Yet, men in 2009 had about ten million more workers than women. This new era of global communication and transactions should continue to fight for those last steps towards true gender equality across the globe. The men of today should not be blamed for the abuse and oppression of women one hundred years ago. Instead, sit with your younger brothers and explain how this knowledge of history should cause them as much pain as it causes us. A conversation about gender equality should not merely allow exclusively female audiences to join. A conversation about any type of equality should mirror the purpose of the words spoken with parallel actions. Frederick Douglass realized how much mistreatment he received from his white mistress when she was ordered by her husband to stop teaching him, but, â€Å"Slavery proved as injurious to her as it did to me† (185). Women need to have equal education, equal pay, and even equal judgement if any. There are still entire nations that need to be led out of their caves. Any tolerance for human subjugation will mean the spread of â€Å"injurious† darkness over the entire world. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick. â€Å"Learning to Read and Write.† The McGraw-Hill Reader: Issues across the Disciplines. Gilbert H. Muller, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2014. 184-188. Mangino, William. The Negative Effects of Privilege on Educational Attainment: Gender, Race, Class, and the Bachelors Degree. Social Science Quarterly 95.3 (2014): 760-84. Wiley Online Library. 14 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Sept. 2015. Plato. â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†. The McGraw-Hill Reader: Issues across the Disciplines. Gilbert H. Muller, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2014. 583-586. United States. U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Government Printing Office. Current Population Reports, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009. By Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith. N.p., 2010. Web. 15 Sept. 2015.

Why Journalism Ethics and Objectivity Matter

Why Journalism Ethics and Objectivity Matter Recently a journalism student from the University of Maryland interviewed me about journalism ethics. He asked probing and insightful questions that made me really think about the subject, so Ive decided to post his queries and my answers here. What Is the Importance of Ethics in Journalism? Because of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the press in this country is not regulated by the government. But that makes journalistic ethics all the more important, for the obvious reason that with great power comes great responsibility. One need only look to cases where journalistic ethics have been breached - for example, fabulists like Stephen Glass or the 2011 phone-hacking scandal in Britain - to see the implications of unethical news practices. News outlets must regulate themselves, not only to maintain their credibility with the public, but also because they run the risk of the government attempting to do so. What Are the Biggest Ethical Dilemmas Surrounding Objectivity? Theres often a lot of discussion about whether journalists should be objective or tell the truth, as if these were contradictory goals. When it comes to discussions like these, a distinction must be made between issues in which a quantifiable kind of truth can be found and issues in which there are gray areas. For instance, a reporter might do a story surveying statistics about the death penalty in order to discover whether it acts as a deterrent. If the statistics show dramatically lower homicide rates in states with the death penalty, then that might seem to indicate that it is indeed an effective deterrent or vice versa. On the other hand, is the death penalty just? Thats a philosophical issue thats been debated for decades, and the questions it raises cant really be answered by objective journalism. For a journalist, finding the truth is always the ultimate goal, but that can be elusive. Has the Concept of Objectivity Changed Since the Start of Your Career in Journalism? In recent years the idea of objectivity has been derided as a fixture of the so-called legacy media. Many of the digital pundits argue that true objectivity is impossible, and that therefore journalists should be open about their beliefs and biases as a way of being more transparent with their readers. I disagree with this view, but its certainly one that has become influential, especially with newer online news outlets. As a Whole, Do You Think Journalists Still Prioritize Objectivity? What Are Journalists Doing Right and Wrong Today, in Regards to Objectivity? I think objectivity is still valued at most news outlets, particularly for the so-called hard news sections of newspapers or websites. People forget that much of a daily newspaper consists of opinion, in editorials, arts and entertainment reviews and the sports section. But I think most editors and publishers, and readers for that matter, still value having on impartial voice when it comes to hard news coverage. I think its a mistake to blur the lines between objective reporting and opinion, but thats certainly happening, most notably on the cable news networks. What Is the Future of Objectivity in Journalism? Do You Think the Anti-Objectivity Argument Will Ever Win Out? I think the idea of impartial reporting will continue to have value. Certainly, the anti-objectivity proponents have made inroads, but I dont think objective news coverage is going to disappear anytime soon.

Assess the View That Cults and Sects Are Only Fringe Organisations That Are Inevitably Short Lived and of Little Influence in Contemporary Society Essay Example for Free (#2)

Assess the View That Cults and Sects Are Only Fringe Organisations That Are Inevitably Short Lived and of Little Influence in Contemporary Society Essay Contemporary society (12) , Cult (8) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints It can be argued that cults and sects are only fringe organisations that are inevitably short lived and of little influence in contemporary society, however some may have views to contrast this idea. A sect is an organization, which usually breaks off from an established religion, which finds itself in disagreement with beliefs and values of wider society and refuses to tolerate the beliefs of others. Although the desire to be a member is voluntary, as oppose to being born into, like religion, sects are rejected by society and claim strong obligation and commitment by its members. A sect is an extremely narrow-minded organisation, which is often led by a charismatic leader. Whereas, in contrast, a cult does not progress from a mainstream religion and does not reject or challenge societal norms. However, as tolerant of other beliefs as they are, they still attract a great deal of negative press, for example brainwashing. Members in a cult are usually more like customers than followers. An example of a cult is Heavens gate, which is a destructive doomsday cult, centered in California. There is a mass of supporting evidence that cults and sects are short lived and insignificant to wider society. Nevertheless, it must be maintained that the matter is complex as there are many sects and cults, which identify themselves differently. There is evidence to support this view of a short-lived nature of sects. This is due to many reasons. World rejecting sects, due to their nature and succeeding societal rejection and stigma of bad press, must be able to compromise with society and becoming a denomination and therefore cease to be a sect, if this is not done then the sect will die out. There is also an argument that sects cannot have a great deal of affect upon society over a long term period as they cannot survive past the charismatic leader’s lifetime and therefore sustain themselves over more than one generation. The American theologian Niebuhr theorises that another reason for transience of sects is that they rarely live past the 1st generation because the 2nd generation usually lacks the belief of the 1st. In this way, their membership dwindles as the 2nd generation chooses to leave the sect and hold other views in wider society. However Wilson disagrees with Neibuhrs view and says that he overates his case and chooses to not pay attention to groups who did preserve a ‘ distinct sectarian stance’. Similarly, evidence proves to discredit the belief that a sect fails to live on past their leader’s death. For example, The Mormons have continued for many generations and also the Amish- however this could be attributed to the protective ‘isolation-like’ in which they live. There is also a possibility that the Moonies surviving is due to the leader preparing for his son to take over his position as the charismatic leader after his death, however this is yet to be seen. Cults have seen a large incline in their number recently and because they are more accepting of wider society and despite receiving bad press, offer a practical solution to peoples’ issues and wishes, seem less likely to die out due to refusal and disapproval. They are also financially rather stable, the Church of Scientology for example has an estimated income of over  £200m per year. This is down to the consumer attitude of cults. There is also a mass of evidence for their importance in society in a sense that audience cults have a mass market of ‘self help therapy’ there are many books available for example, tarot reading, crystals and reflexology regularly appear on the best seller list and often more room is devoted to these books rather than Christianity books themselves. The view that cults are fringe movements is less supported than that for sects. Sects very infrequently continue on as sects but cults such as scientology are not only prosperous but also have a huge celebrity following trend; admired by the public for example Tom Cruise. There is also evidence that sects and cults can be of great influence to society – though it is debatable as to whether or not that is possible today in a society as apparently secular as ours. Weber suggests in his Theodicy of Disprivilege that because they offer a solution to problems: justification and explanation for life and its problems, to marginalised groups such as dropouts or ethnic minorities, world rejecting sects that offer status appeal to people. An example of this is Liberation Theology which was for the poorer people which had great influence upon the priorities of the Catholic Church in Latin America (though it has become more conservative, it continues to represent human rights and democracy). Bruce argues that it is not a religion and is instead a shallow, meaningless thing. Due to the elements of choice it offers, the choice about which bits to believe and whether to take its readings into account, it does not require commitment. This he argues prevents it having religious status. Post Modernists see it as being spiritual shopping: it is part of a consumerist culture. Despite not necessarily being a religion, there is lots of evidence to show that it has influenced society as a whole and, some sociologists would claim, aided secularisation. There is also evidence to show that it is unlikely to be particularly short lived as it fits in so well with our Capitalist, consumerist society and our individualistic values and is so profitable. Therefore, though there is strong evidence to show that sects and cults are ‘fringe organisations’, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that neither are short lived in themselves either through the Sectarian cycle or demand and supply (though sects tend to become denominations) and also to suggest that the influence of sects and cults on society is greater than expected; though the influence of sects and cults is exemplified by older examples and so one cannot be sure as to how successful they will be in today’s society, except in regards to specific sects and cults. In conclusion, the view that cults, sects are fringe organisations that are inevitably short-lived and of little influence in modern-day society, is on the whole not wholly correct but has some strength in that the permanency of all is arguable as is their status as fringe organisations. Assess the View That Cults and Sects Are Only Fringe Organisations That Are Inevitably Short Lived and of Little Influence in Contemporary Society. (2016, Mar 30). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Is war principally the outcome of state sovereignty (International Essay

Is war principally the outcome of state sovereignty (International Relations) - Essay Example The motives as to why states and individuals may get into war has remained a subject of moral scrutiny For hundred of years state sovereignty has, been a significant rule of interstate relationships and a basis of the world order, The concept of State sovereignty lies at the core of both the traditional international rule and also the United Nations (UN) Charter. It has remained both a critical element of the preservation of global peace and security and more so a protection of weak nations against strong ones. In addition, the conception has never been as sacred, both in practice or law, as an official legal description may imply. According to past UN Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, "The time of absolute sovereignty has passed; its theory was never matched by reality." (Angelo, 2006) Practically, sovereignty of states' has regularly been dishonoured by powerful nations. In the present's globalized world, it is commonly accepted that cultural, economic and environmental influences do not respect boundaries nor does it require an access visa. The conception of state sovereignty is extensively ingrained in legal and also political dissertation. Similarly, territorial bounders are becoming under pressure and have weakened in importance as an outcome of modern international relationships. both communications and technology has made boundaries permeable, while the political elements of internal turmoil and misery have also frequently resulted in larger international turmoil. (Angelo, 2006) Meaning and reason of sovereignty State sovereignty stand for the capability, independent or self-government, and lawful equality of nations. The conception is usually used to include all issues in which all state is permitted through international law in deciding and acting without interferences from any other sovereign nations or states. These issues comprise the selection of political, social, cultural and economic systems and the crafting of foreign policy. The range of the autonomy of option of a state in these issues is limited; it depends upon advancements in the international law (which includes agreements formed voluntarily) and the international relations. (Angelo, 2006) As a characteristic of statehood territorial sovereignty, lies behind the structure of international arrangement in relationships amongst states. An action of hostility is illegal, not only as it challenges international world order, but also since states have applied their sovereignty to forbid war. More so, the breakdown or deteriorating of state ability which brings around a political void inside states results to human sufferings and regional and international insecurity. Aggressive, oppressive, or disintegrated states might lead in threats to regional and international security and peace. (Angelo, 2006) Theories of war: Balance of Power Theory The balance of power theory forecasts that swift alterations in the international supremacy and status, particularly efforts by one nation to conquer a region, will inflame counterbalancing acts. Because of this, the balancing process assists to preserve the stability of relationship among states. It has been observed that, a balance of power structure works most successfully when coalitions are

Ethical, Professional and Cultural Issues of ICT Essay

Ethical, Professional and Cultural Issues of ICT - Essay Example 2011). When coming to entertainment, it is a large part of our daily lives. People spend some time every day for the sake of entertainment. Ethics in entertainment is more based on the mediums popularity rather than the creators need to be ethical in nature. The entertainment media is constantly under the attack by the so called guardian angels of ethical standards for portraying unethical values through the media. This attack is on films, music as well as video games industry. It is an acceptable fact that what is more corrupt is easier to get accepted. Keeping this in mind, the movie industry has moved one step forward by creating the MPAA system in which questionable stuff would be rated higher so that adult people can warn their children well in advance. Now newer industries are forced to come under the scrutiny of maintaining ethical standards. The video game industry which comes under the category of interactive entertainment industry is facing stiff challenges from gurus of et hical standards. Now the video games industry is facing challenges in ethical standards maintenance, it has been constantly accused of ruining the moral standards of children in particular. However there is a good reason behind these allegations. Since the industry is relatively new, it has resorted to some lower least common denominators to sell its games. It has used scantily clad and physically impossible women and men. Moreover questionable as well as violent subject matters are also used by the industry. The industry pundits who defend these moves are relying on the fact that other types of Medias have also used such stands before. They feel that this has to be seen as a sign of times and growing popularity. However in general sense, such actions should be viewed as a loss of production ethics or part of the inevitable routine that takes on the industry every time (Ethics and Entertainment Introduction. 2000). The banning of the video game manhunt in 2007 by the BBFC in 2007 wa s an eye opener for the gaming industry which was starting to act careless with regard to ethics in the media. Most of the technicians , artists and story tellers in the gaming industry are tuning to some blood spilling and sexist unusual themes in their products on the belief that its just fun. They also have an intentional idea behind this move that only such things sell quickly. Degradation of values has swept towards different segments in the industry. Its effect has started showing to the gaming industry as well. Primarily gaming industry is concentrated on children below eighteen years. Children are the main users of its products other than any other group. To show explicit and debatable as well as questionable content in the form of games to children on the false imagination that it is only fun is a serious crime that is done towards the society. The video game manhunt 2 was banned by the British authorities because of its relentless imagery of savage killing and slaying. Man hunt video game was very popular among children because of its violence. It even prompted in a killing of a fourteen year old boy. Banning the video game was a bold step taken by the authorities for the first time in a decade. Manhunt 2 shows sustained as well as cumulative sadism which are labeled casual in the way the killings are committed in the game. Such types of entertainment are not at all acceptable because it is targeted towards children (Censors ban

A Modest Proposal Essay Example for Free

A Modest Proposal Essay Jonathan Swift starts off â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by giving the reader a bit of background information on Ireland’s current conditions at the time of publication. By doing so, Swift grasps the reader’s emotion and pulls them into the story. Then, when Swift makes a dramatic switch to his suggestion of cannibalism to stimulate the economy, he is able to fully grab the reader’s attention. Swift’s proposal is extreme and entirely unethical, but isn’t meant to be taken literally. His radical proposal of having babies to feed to the public and stimulate the economy, is his proposal to the public, but is not the heart of the essay. This radical proposal that takes on an alternate message is what classifies the piece as satire. Adding to the satire, Swift refers to women as breeders that can boost the despairing economy by having children that can be killed at one year old and be fed to the people of Ireland. It’s apparent that this extremist proposal is mockery of the Irish government and the cure-all proposals the politicians conjure, and getting the reader to think about these key political issues is the sole purpose of â€Å"A Modest Proposal. † In my opinion, Swift’s essay had a strong impact, and I’m sure had an even stronger impact in the era in which it was written. His use of hyperboles, metaphors, irony, and sarcasm greatly influenced the message. Because of his literary techniques he was able to draw the reader in to his essay and really get his message across. Word choice was another very effective technique used by Swift. By referring to women as breeders, he not only denounced them, but he was able to add to the ludicrous tone he was aiming to achieve. Every good piece of writing establishes in some ways ethos, pathos, and logos. Swift appeals to ethos in his argument by comparing venison to teenagers, an example of a truly outrageous and unethical idea. Another unethical idea Swift presents is that of the island of Formosa, in which the population eats many of the young women in their society. Pathos is established in the first paragraph when it pulls at the reader’s sympathy for the homeless and poor and again during his discussion of abortion. Swift uses logos in his essay when giving statistics numerous times throughout the essay. Of course his points were extremely radical, and any remotely developed civilization would be utterly disgusted at the thought of annibalism of new born babies, but his main focus wasn’t to propose a solution to Ireland’s impoverished conditions. His main purpose was to shock the readers into thinking of proposals that might actually have potential and criticizing ones that were already out there. He more or less was using extremism to mobilize the Irish people into thinking and developing concepts that could solve their current issues rather than do nothing and wait for someone else to come along and repair everything. In my opinion, Swift achieved his goal in his writing.

the hiding place :: essays research papers

The Hiding Place by Corrie Ten Boom is the story about the life of a woman in Holland during the German Nazi invasion and holocaust. Miss. Ten Boom tells about her childhood, helping people escape through the anti-Nazi underground, her arrest and imprisonment, and her release. As a child Miss. Ten Boom grew up in their family's watch shop with her mother, father, sisters, Nollie and Betsie, brother, Willem, and aunts, Tante Jan, Tante Anna, and Tante Bep. Her close-knit family was a very important part of her life. They worked together to keep up the house and the shop. People would always be at their house to visit, needing a place to stay, or just to hear Father read the Bible. Through her brother she met Karel, with whom she fell in love. He was a schooled man, very intelligent and cunning. Though he also had a love for Corrie, he would never court her, let alone marry her. His family arranged his marriage with a woman that had a large dowry. The rejection hurt Corrie at that young age but was soon forgotten and placed behind her. Her family was always known for helping people less fortunate. In a person's time of need, her mother always took food and a warm smile to help. Whenever a child was homeless, they could always go to the Beje for shelter. It was not a surprise, then, when Corrie and the rest of her family got involved with the anti-Nazi underground. She had been noticing that everything in her little town was changing. There were police stationed everywhere and a curfew was being set. The Germans were beginning to take control. Corrie had found out from her brother, Willem, that there were Jewish people needing a place to stay. The family decided to open the Beje to take people in, mostly until they found them a new home. Corrie found a man inside the German government to get food ration cards so they the people could eat. She also found most of the people places to stay. There were a few people that the borders would not take in, for many different reasons. Those people had the Beje as a home. There was always a threat of the German officers making a surprise inspection of their home, so the heads of the underground installed a secret room in their house.

Consumer Behavior and Decision Making Process in Rural Market

Name: Ravi Motilal Sahu Designation: Asst. Prof. Institution: Shri HVPM’s College of Engg. & Tech. – Amravati ————————————————- Title: Consumer Behavior and Decision making process in Rural Market Executive Summary: Several Indian, European & U. S. multinational firms have been making inroads into the rural India for years. Companies such as Unilever, P&G, Godrej, Marico, Phillips and Nestle have long been known to India's rustic consumers. Among U. S. firms, companies such as Colgate and Gillette have made considerable headway. According to Adi Godrej, the Chairman of Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. arketing to rural customers often involves building categories by persuading them to try and adopt products they may not have used before. For E. G. convincing people to use toothpaste instead of using ‘neem’ twigs; a traditional practice to clean their teeth. These initiatives involve a high degree of patience and piles of investments because of which careers are risked on the line. Marketers often wonder how to bell this cat called the â€Å"Indian Rural Folk†. Consumer behavior studies have always helped marketing professional in understanding consumers’ buying patterns and their decision making process. Consumer Buyer Behavior refers to the buying behavior of the final consumers – individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption. All of these final consumers together make the consumer market. And in case of rural India where about 70% of Indian population lives the market is quite huge presenting an attractive opportunity for businesses. Who buys products or services in rural market? How do they buy these products and services? From where and how often? How often do they use these products and services? These questions will help in understanding better what factors influence the decision making process of the rural consumers. Also, it will help in identifying the number of people involved in the decision making process and ascribe a role to them – like the user, decider, influencer and buyer. It is believed that consumers or customers make purchase decision on the basis on receipt of a small number of selectively chosen pieces of information. Thus it will be very important to understand what and how much information is required to our rural folk to help him evaluate the goods and services offerings. The market howsoever big comes with high levels of complexities; here are some facts, there are more than 600,000 villages in the country as against 300 cities and 4600 towns. Due to the geographical diversity consumers display vast differences in their purchase decisions and the product use. Villagers react differently to different products, colours, sizes, etc. in different parts of India. Hence utmost care should be taken while marketing products to rural India. Thus, it is important to study the thought process that goes behind a purchase decision, so that marketers can reach this huge untapped segment. Engel, Blackwell and Miniard model The core of the EBM model is a decision process, which is augmented with inputs from information processing and other influencing factors. The model has four distinctive sections, namely Input, Information Processing, Decision Process and Variables influencing decision process. Information Input Information from marketing and non-marketing sources are fed into the information processing section of the model. The model also suggests additional information to be collected is available from memory or when post-purchase dissonance occurs. Information Processing Before information can be used in the rest of the model, the consumer will first be exposed to the information processing. That is, the consumer must get exposed to the information, attend to it, comprehend and understand it, accept it and finally maintain it in the memory. Any selective attention or exposure mechanisms that may occur in post purchase dissonance would operate at this stage. Decision Process Need Recognition: This acknowledges the fact that there exists a problem. That is, the individual is aware that there exists a need to be satisfied. Search: When enough information is available in memory to take a decision, then only internal search will be required. If internal information is limited, an external search for information is undertaken. Alternative Evaluation: An evaluation of the alternatives found during the search is undertaken. It is observed from the model that the attitudes and beliefs are taken into account during this process. Purchase: A purchase is made on the chosen alternative. Outcomes: The outcome can be either positive or negative depending on whether the purchase satisfies the original perceived need. Dissatisfaction can lead to†¦

Case Study, Mall of Americas

IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to present the marketing success, retail & consumer trends, expansion and future marketing plan for â€Å"Mall of America: Shopping and a Whole Lot More. For over 20 years Mall of America has been able to attract over 40 million annual vistors driving by both local patrons and tourism. I will discuss my view on what I would like to see at Mall of America’s expansion facility and how that compares to the current facility. In addition to the selection of what vendors will occupy the space, but a marketing plan to appeal to new consumers to increase the number of annual visitors to Mall of America.Paragraph 1The Mall of America has been successful at marketing and maintaining a product that most did not expect to succeed, this is due to the fact that they have something for everyone in their retail and family entertainment complex and is viewed as more than a mall, Mall of America is a destination. Regardless of the weather conditions, yo u can always come to Mall of America and ride a roller coaster and enjoy all the features of the mall. The selection of the anchor stores and specialty stores appeals to different economic levels. In addition to the retail selection, there are activities for the entire family that include movies, a theme park and an aquarium.Paragraph 2Since the opeing of the Mall of America in 1992, consumers have seen large discount retailers that have been able to provide name brand products at a discounted rate. The consumer is always looking for a deal, especially during the time when the economy is slow. Consumers are less likely to go to a mall and spend when they can go to one store and purchase the necessary items at a discount. As we see a recovery in the economy, Mall of America needs to keep in mind that a majority of the consumers are not willing to go back to paying full price for their items and should consider the mix of high end specialy stores to those that are more economical.Para graph 3Mall of of America should use the following criteria to add new facilities to its complex; will this bring new consumers to the mall, will the reason for the visit encourage the consumer to stay an extended period of time at the facility and will the interest be enough for the consumer to return to the facility. Once you have the consumer at the mall, it is not enough to have them fulfill what they are there for, but to entice the consumer to want more. Example would be to add a small concert venue that would bring in concert goers for dinner, the concert and possible hotel stay.Paragraph 4Mall of America managers should continue to market as a destination. When you market as a destination this relates to the local consumer and those visiting from outside the area. If hotels are added, marketing can offer vacation packages to include hotel stay, theme park tickets, movie tickets and aquarium tickets at discounted rates. In addition, the vacation package could include a 10% di scount to all retailers in the mall for a specified period of time. Vacationers like to plan their vacation at a discounted rate, but also prefer to handle all the planning in one location and not have to contact several companies to plan a vacation. If Mall of America adds facilities that is similar to an all inclusive vacation package, they will continue to build on their success.ConclusionMall of America has been very successful launching and maintaining a concept that most people did not expect to succeed. The success has been driven by offering their vistors a retail and family entertainment complex that is viewed as more than a mall, Mall of America is a destination. During the expansion, Mall of America will need to determine which facilities will increase the number of annual visitors up from 40 million. Changing this destination from a one day visit to a multiple day vacation site.

Fluid Temperature Distributation in Oil Gas Wells †Engineering Essay

Fluid Temperature Distributation in Oil Gas Wells – Engineering Essay Free Online Research Papers Fluid Temperature Distributation in Oil Gas Wells Engineering Essay Predicting accurate temperature Profiles in flowing wells can improve the design of production facilities in petroleum engineering. Temperature Profiles in wellbore have application in cementing operations, accurate 2-phase flow pressure drop prediction, Gas lift designs. Gas lift design can be enhanced by more accurate prediction of temperature at valve depth. In this way, the valves dome pressure can be set more accurately thereby improving the predictability of valve thorough put. Existing temperature correlations are often inaccurate because they do not consider the effects of different fluids in the annullus and cooling and heating of the fluid resulting from phase change. Rigorous theoretical model are often complex and in convenient. They depend on many variables and require information about fluid composition. This project work describes a method of predicting temperature distribution in a flowing wells. A model is derived from the steady-state energy equation that considers the heat transfer mechanisms found in the wellbore. An extensive data bank of temperatures from 3 wells was used in the model validation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title page†¦ . †¦. †¦ †¦ †¦. †¦ †¦ †¦. †¦. Certification †¦. †¦. †¦ †¦.. †¦.. †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦. Dedication †¦ †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦ †¦.. †¦. †¦. †¦. Acknowledgement †¦ †¦. †¦. †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦. Abstract †¦ †¦ †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦. CHAPTER ONE Introduction †¦ †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦.. CHAPTER TWO Literature Review †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦. †¦.. †¦. CHAPTER THREE Theoretical Background and model development †¦. †¦. CHAPTER FOUR Result of Model Validation CHAPTER FIVE Analysis of Result Conclusion Recommendation References Nomenclature Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C: Computer Programs and Output results CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Heat loss from wellbore fluid depends on the formation temperature distribution. Fluid temperature distribution in wellbore is determined by rate of heat loss from the wellbore to the surrounding formation, which is a function of depth and production/injection time. A model to predict fluid temperature during a steady-state 2-phase flow incorporates a thermal diffusivity solution. Convective and conductive effect is also incorporated in this solution. Ramey and Edwardson et al were the first to present theoretical model for estimating fluid Temperature as a function of depth and producing time. This model is only applicable to single phase fluids flow-because kinetic energy, friction and Joule-Thompson expansion were neglected. Ramey’s work was improved by incoporating the effect of phase charge in fluid injection well. A presentation of excellent model on various resistances to heat transfer between the wellbore and the formation was also constructed by Ramey. An expression for fluid temperature distribution in single-phase flow has the limitation of being applied when multiphase flow is encountered. Interpretation of temperature logs for estimating water and gas injection profile was proposed. Noting, the usefulness, kirkpatrick presented a flowing gradient chart, though simple, lacked generality and accuracy. This inaccuracy and thermal stress failure of casing in steam-injection wellbores, demands a proper understanding of wellbore heat transfer and accurate estimation of flowing fluid temperature. Procedure for estimating wellbore fluid temperature has been suggested, model has been presented as the function of depth and producing time. The problem, however remains that since Kinetic energy and friction was neglected, is therefore only applicable for single-phase flow. Also, the assumption by Ramey of microscopic well radius in solving the temperature formation temperature distribution cannot be defended. Resistances to heat transfer between wellbore fluid and formation, was ignored and consequently rendering the model inaccurate and stream lined. Even qualitative estimation of flow rate from various producing wells depends on establishment of constant temperature different between the wellbore fluid and the formation. Ramey’s method is of limited use especially for estimating flow rate in multiple zones. Fluid temperature distribution in wellbore is very crucial and can be used to estimated flow rate and Gas top Oil ratio in vertical and deviated wellbores. In short a higher flow rate results in a lower temperature drop. A less complex algorithm which avoid complex calculation of overall thermal coefficient has been presented for estimating wellbore fluid temperature distribution which will in -coporate conductive, convective and radiative heat transfer and can be used predict temperature at various depths and production time. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW In recent years, considerable attention has been given to fluid temperature distribution in wellbores. There has been many studies on this subject ranging from heat transfer during two- phase flow in wellbores (Formation Temperature) to wellbore fluid Temperature. And later proposing a unified model for predicting flowing Temperature Distribution in Wellbores. Various aspects of heat transfer between the wellbore fluid and the formation has been studied by many over the last few decades. The usefulness of fluid Temperature measurement was realized as early as 1937 by Schlumberger et al ; Interpretation of temperature log for estimating gas and water injection profiles was proposed by Nowak2 and Bird3 in the early 1950s. Noting the importance, KirkPatrick4 Presented flowing Temperature gradient chart, though simple, lacked generality and accuracy . These deficiency and thermal stress failure of casing in steam injection wells emphasized the importance of proper understanding of wellbore heat transfer and accurate estimation of flowing fluid Temperature. Lesem et al5 and Moss and White6 were the first to suggest procedures for estimating wellbore fluid temperature. However, Ramey7 and Edwardson et al8 were the first present a theoretical model for estimating fluid temperature as a function of producing time and depth. However, both works neglect the effect of friction and kinetic energy. Thereby making them only applicable for flow of single phase fluids. In addition, the assumption of in -finitessimal well radius by Ramey in solving the formation temperature distribution can be unreliable in some cases. The classical method for temperature prediction in wellbore proposed by Ramey coupled the heat transfer mechanisms in the wellbore and transient thermal behaviour of the formation. Temperature equations for the case of injection of either single phase incompressible hot liquid or single phase ideal gas flow were derived. In Ramey’s method, the transient thermal behaviour of the formation was determined by solutions of radial heat conduction problem in an infinite cylinder. The resistances to heat flow in the wellbore due to presence of tubing wall and cement is incoporated in the overall heat transfer coefficient. Griston and Willhite9 extended the application of Ramey’s approach by evaluating the usefulness of steam injection well and taking note of radiative heat transfer during steam injection. Witterholt and Tixier10 employed the influence of fluid flow rate on temperature of the fluid in Ramey’s equation to measure the fluid temperature. Witterholt and Curtis also employed effect of qualitative estimation of flow rate from various producing zones. The method depends on the effect of fluid flow on the inverse Relaxation distance, A, in Ramey’s model for fluid temperature Distribution. This method is of limited use , especially for estimating flow rates from multiple zones, because of its limited accuracy and its dependence on the establishment of constant temperature difference between wellbore fluid and formation. An empirical calculation was developed by Shiu and Beggs for producing wells, to determine the relaxation distance defined by Ramey. This method is actually an attempt to avoid complex calculation of overall heat transfer coefficient and transient heat transfer behaviour of the formation . Since application of Ramey’s equation are restricted to single phase flow in the wellbore, sagar et al extended Ramey’s method for wells with multiphase flow, accounting for kinetic energy effects and Joule-Thompson’s expansion. This simplified method is based on field data., all these methods include severe assumption related to the thermodynamic behaviour of the flowing fluids and thus applicable only for limited operating conditions. Alves et al12 presented a unified model for flowing Temperature prediction which can also be applied to producing and injection wells, under single-phase or two-phase gas liquid conditions over the entire inclination angle range from horizontal to vertical wellbores: the diverse application of the aspects of heat transfer in both formation and wellbore necessitated the development of a Rigorous approach. The model below allows computation of temperature at the formation/wellbore interface, when undisturbed formation temperature and wellbore heat flow rate are input. This represents the relationship between wellbore heat loses and wellbore temperature for steady-state, 2-phase flow: where I wellbore fluid Temperature: Expression for variation of fluid temperature with depth has been obtained: where using appropriate boundary conditions on the above, Hassan and kabir13 modeled the expression as a function of well depth and also producing time. CHAPTER THREE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND MODEL DEVELOPMENT Heat loss experience by the fluid as if flows up the well results in lowering its temperature. As this fluids moves through the wellbore, there is transfer of heat between fluid and the earth due to the difference between fluid and geothermal temperatures. This type of heat transmission is involved in drilling and production operations. This solution would assure that heat transfer to the earth will be unsteady radial conduction and that in the wellbore will be steady state. In other to derive a model which predict heat flow in a 2-phase system (e.g Oil well), it would be necessary to obtain, first, the wellbore fluid energy balance. The temperature difference between the formation and wellbore fluid causes a transfer of heat from the fluid to the surrounding formation with decrease in fluid temperature and depth. At any depth formation temperature would vary with radial distance and production time. However, when steady-state flow has been attained, there is constant fluid temperature at any given depth due to turbulence. Heat loss from fluid, therefore declines with time and is dependent on various resistances to heat flow between the hot fluid in the tubing and the surrounding earth. To derive a model for temperature as a function of depth and time, we must as necessity establish the formation temperature distribution as a function of radial distance and time, given a constant heat flux from the well. For a 2-phase system, first obtained the wellbore fluid energy balance, which would relate the fluid temperature with wellbore/ formation interface temperature and the heat flux, given the overall heat transfer coefficient in terms of well configuration shown in Appendix A. 3.1 FORMATION TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION Assuming symmetry around the heat source or sink (Producing or injection well); In a short time-step, heat flux from wellbore may be assured to remain constant. Then an energy balance of the formation leads to the following partial differential equation derived in cylindrical coordinates for formation temperature variation with radial distance from well and production time: (1) where: Te – earth temperature; t time, r –distance measured from the wellbore center is thermal diffusivity. Initial condition is that formation temperature at any depth is constant, leading to : Lim Te = Tei (2) At the infinite or outer boundary, formation is also constant with radial distance. (3) The third boundary condition is derived from the heat flow rate at the wellbore/formation interface which is governed by Fourier Law of heat conduction. Heat flow rate per unit mass of wellbore fluid per unit length of well, dq/dz is given by: (4) rwb- outer radius of wellbore and W is the wellbore fluid mass flow rate. To facilitate solution and have a more general applicability of solution, equations 1,3 and 4 are recast in dimensionless variables of rD (dimensionless radial distance)= r/rwb, thermal diffusivity = Ke/PeCe , and tD (dimensionless time =. Equations 1,3 and 4 becomes: (5) (6) (7) I can now introduce a dimensionless temperature, TD, analogous to dimensionless pressure in pressure transient analysis: (8) 3.2 WELLBORE FLUID ENERGY BALANCE An energy balance of fluid for a differential length, dz, for a 2-phase system would lead to the following equation: (9) where gc and J represent appropriate conversion factors (gc= 32.2 lbm.ft/lbf-Sec2, unity in S.I units, dimensionless.) H-fluid enthalpy fluid enthalpy, H, depends on its pressure and temperature, which allows us to write the following expression, for dH/dz: = (10) Cpm is the heat capacity at constant pressure, Cpm where CJ is the Joule- Thompson coefficient. Combining equation (9) and (10), yields: (11) the radial heat transfer between the fluid and the surrounding earth, expressed in overall heat transfer coefficient based on transport phenomena and transient heat transfer. Heat is transferred from the wellbore fluid to the earth overcoming the resistance offered by the tubing wall, tubing insulation, casing wall and cement as shown in fig1. The resistances are in series, and, except for the annulus, the only mechanism of transfer involved is conductive transfer. At steady state, the rate of heat flow through a wellbore per unit length of well, dq/dz, can be expressed: (12) uto ¬- Overall heat transfer coefficient based on tubing –inside surface area, 2 to and temperature difference between the wellbore fluid and wellbore/ formation interface (Tf-Twb). Therefore, the heat transfer rate per total mass flow rate W is: (13) the overall heat transfer coefficient based on tubing outside surface area, uto, depends on resistance. In general, the resistance to heat flow through tubing or casing metal may be neglected. Natural convection is the dominant heat transfer mechanism for fluid in the annulus. Resistance through cement layer could be important depending on its thickness. Using the dimensionless temperature, TD obtained in equation (8), we may write the expression for heat transfer from the wellbore/formation interface to the earth: (14) combining (13) and (14) to eliminate wellbore temperature, Twb, yields: (15) 3.3 WELLBORE FLUID TEMPERATURE The next is to obtain an expression for variation of fluid temperature with well depth by substituting the expression for dq/dz from equation (15) into (11): (16) letting, (17) expressing (16) in terms of A, yields: (18) if the undisturbed formation temperature is assumed to vary directly with depth, thus, Tei= Teibh gTZ (19) Where gT represents the geothermal gradient and Teibh is the undisturbed (Static) formation temperature at the bottom hole: Equation (19) can also be applied when different geologic formation are encountered. At various depths with differing values of geothermal gradient. In this case, the computation may be divided into a number of zones with constant geothermal gradient being applied to each zone. If it is assured that the test two terms in equation (18) does not vary with well depth, equation (18) becomes a linear differential equation: (20) Where (21) Equation (20) can be integrated for a constant, A, and boundary conditions: (a) For a producing well at bottom hole, Z=Zbh (b) Fluid and earth temperatures are generally known Tf =Tfbh and Tei =Teibh giving the expression for fluid temperature as a function of well depth and production time: (22) the value of the parameter, ,in equation(22) would depend on a number of variables, such as flow rates, gas/liquid ratio, wellhead pressure. The calculation of is shown in Appendix A. The earth temperature at wellhead can be assumed to be equal to the surface fluid temperature (i.e. Tewh =Tfwh). The geothermal gradient, gT can be determined by dividing the temperature drop of the formation and the fluid by the measured depth (i.e(Tformation –Tsurface )/depth acceleration due to gravity, g and the appropriate conversion factors, g both has the value of 32ft/sec2 and 32.17 lbf-ft/1bm-sec2 J and Cpm are respectively the mechanical equivalent of heat, 778ft-1bf/Btu and specific heat capacity at constant pressure. =900 for vertical wells. It must be noted that the variable depths are measured in negative values which is a generally accepted convention. Having set these constraints: equation (22) can further be simplified to yield: simply: (23) j=1,2,3,†¦.. J, mechanical equivalent of heat, has a value of 778ft-1bf/Btu and A is the thermal Relaxation distance, in feet. From equation (17) shown below: Aj = The overall thermal coefficient Uto can be computed using the model below ;for differential length and a unit mass flow rate; for tubing: (24) and for casing flow; The equation is shown in appendix (B) The inverse relaxation distance, A, can be estimated using equation (17) but bearing in mind the existence of equality between dimensionless temperature, TD and transient heat conduction time function for the formation (earth) developed by Ramey: (25) is the thermal diffusivity of the earth, ke/CePe, ke, Ce and pe are the formation conductivity, heat capacity and earth (formation) density. And rto , the tubing –inside radius. Using equation (23), the wellbore fluid temperature, Tf can be estimated. The working is shown in Appendix A. Shown in Chapter four are data of 5355-ft deep flowing well used to validate my fluid Temperature calculation. The assumption of f(t)=TD does not affect the solution at large times. Besides the equality of f(t) and TD is not surprising because both functions attempt to describe the temperature distribution in formation based on the same differential equation. CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULTS OF MODEL VALIDATION The following data were used to test the efficiency of the derived model in predicting temperature at any depth and production time. Temperature data from Amerada Hess of west Texas. 4.1 THE FLUID TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION Fluid temperature distribution at any depth can be computed using the relations below: where A= the former equation can easily be converted to deviated well, for vertical wells ( =900 )Sin 90=1. and geothermal gradient, gT gT = (Tebh-Ts)/ZSin for deviated wells where = angle of deviation , g and gc are equivalent and acts as a conversion factor. Variables Data report by Sagar etal Amerada Hess cooperation Nafta Gas of Yugoslavia Chevron Escravos Nigeria N 12 15 18 Tebh(F) 108 237.2 172 Ts(F) 76 50.1 89.5 ?(ft2/hr) 0.04 0.04 0.04 Zbh(ft) 5355 6,792 8250 Ke(Btu/hr/ft/F) 1.4 1.4 1.4 dto(Inches) 3.375 2.875 3.875 GLR(scf/bbl) 68.2 APIG (gravity) 34.3 35 30 Yg 1.05 0.75 0.79 dti(Inches) 2.875 2.375 3.375 pwh(Psia) 113 174 215 dwh(Inches) 9.0 7.5 12 dco(Inches) 7.5 5.8 8.304 dci(Inches) 7.0 5.5 8.0 Kan(Btu/hr/ft/F) 0.383 0.383 0.383 Kcem(Btu/hr/ft/F) 4.021 4.021 4.021 tp( hours) 158 165 160 qo (BBL) 59 6.8 1720 qw (BBL) 542 13.3 236 qg (SCF) 41000 3100 1899000 rw 101 1.o 1.0 CHAPTER FIVE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS While the figure 1 shows a very good agreement between the model prediction, measured temperature and Hassan Kabir. The 2 data points nearest to the surface (0 and 500ft depth) shows higher fluid temperature than are predicted the model can accurately predict these temperature if a higher conductivity of 1.4 Btu/hroF is used for the formation near surface. The model allows conduction and convection as heat transfer mechanism for fluid in the tubing casing annulus . The deviation between measured and predicted temperatures is more at the surface and near surface and reduces as depth increases and eventually meet at the bottom hole. This is because gas expansion occurs as multiphase fluid flows up to the surface and that enhances cooling due to Joule-Thompson and Kinetic energy effect and provides room for heat exchange. As depth increase, pressure and temperature increases. The concordance among the proposed Hassan Kabir multiphase prediction with measured temperature and the correlation developed is shown figure 1. and figure 3 for fluid temperature distribution in wellbores and represented in the coloured legend on the profile. The three models in each of the three profiles :(Hassan kabir), the developed model and measured temperature matches as depth of wellbore increases. It could not tally at the surface and 500ft depth with measured temperature due to Joule Thompson cooling as multiphase fluid flows up and pressure is reduced giving rise to gas expansion. The percentage error between the model prediction and that of measured temperature (at 0-500ft.) is 4.1%. Therefore, using correlation developed we must make a correction of predicted temperature at the surface by multiplying it by 4.1% and subtract from the predicted temperature. Example 1: Fluid temperature @ 0ft = 91.64F corrected measured temperature =91.640*(1-4.1/100) = 87.88F There is a high agreement between predicted fluid temperature and that of Hassan Kabir prediction. The profile matches as depth increases and almost coincides showing that there is high agreement amongst both models. Figure 2. is a temperature profile for a flowing gaslift well, the predicted temperature of model and that of Hassan Kabir for multiphase flow agrees with tend to twist. This is as a result of gas injection at 4200ft, this point of gas injection. The temperature is lowered due to presence of gas, gas expansion and Joule-Thompson cooling. WHY FLUID TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ? ? Accurate temperature prediction is necessary in the effective design and execution of cementing programme choosing suitable cement slurry properties: placement and setting time during completion and worker operations ? It is important to know the wellbore fluid temperature before gas lifting operation at various depths to enable us know the temperature at various value depth. ? Also temperature profile of a well must be known before enhanced or secondary recovery: Steam injection. Gas and hot water injection among others. ? Packer design and selection. ? To enable in designing of Logging tool and for log interpretation ? Prediction of Wax and scale depositions in production tubing ? Determination of region in the tubing and casing liable to Corrosion. Wellhead and production equipment design CONCLUSION An algorithm is presented for estimating wellbore fluid temperature. It allows wellbore heat transfer by conduction and convection and evaluate the formation by assuming that fluid temperature at the wellhead is equal to the earth temperature at wellhead. Here, the importance of convective heat transfer is demonstrated. The need for radiation is eliminated due to unavailability of fluid emissivity which depend on surface finish and view factor among other variables. The algorithm can easily be applied to deviated wells. This algorithm was developed from basic thermodynamic principles to predict temperature profiles in two-phase and multiphase flows in wells. The simplified model represents an extension of the latest multiphase fluid temperature distribution correlation. The developed model eliminates the need to estimate fluid temperature at wellhead. And to iterate for overall thermal co-efficient at various depths. RECOMMENDATION I recommend that when using the model. Accurate temperature at the near surface (0-500ft) would be determined by: accurate temperature = Calculated temperature* (1-% error) This would account for the Joule-Thompson cooling and expansion of gas and pressure reduction that occurs as a result of upward flow of multiphase fluid in wellbore. NOMENCLATURE A Inverse relaxation distance, ft Cpm Heat capacity of wellbore fluid, Btu/lboF Ce Heat capacity of the earth, Btu/lboF Cj Joule-Thompson coefficient, dimensionless d Pipe diameter, ft f(t) Ramey’s solution for wellbore earth/interface temperature, dimensionless g Acceleration due to gravity, ft/sec2 gc Conversion factor, 32.2lbmft/lbf sec2 gT Geothermal gradient oF/ft H Fluid Enthalpy Btu/lb K Conductivity, Btu/ft oF Ka Conductivity of Annulus, Btu/ft oF Kcem Cement Conductivity, Btu/ft oF Ke Formation conductivity, Btu/ft oF q Heat flow rate from or to the wellbore, Btu/hr r Radial distance of the wellbore, ft T Temperature, oF TD Dimensionless temperature Tei Formation temperature at any given depth and radial distance from well,oF Teibh Formation temperature at Bottom hole, oF TeWh Formation temperature at wellhead, oF Tf Wellbore fluid temperature, oF W Total mass flow rate, lbm/sec Z Variable depth from surface, ft Zbh Total measured depth from surface, ft J Mechanical equivalent of heat, 778ft-lbf/Btu Kan Thermal conductivity of annulus material, Btu/hr-ft-oF PWh Wellhead pressure q0 oil flow rate, STB/D qg Gas flow rate, SCf/D qw Water flow rate, STB/D uc Heat transfer coefficient of casing ut Tubing heat transfer coefficient of casing U Overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr.ft2 oF Yg Gas specific gravity Yo Oil specific gravity Yw Water specific gravity Dci Casing Internal diameter Dti Tubing Internal diameter Dto Tubing external diameter Dco Casing outside diameter Dwb Diameter of well bore GREEK LETTERS Heat diffusivity of earth ft2/hr Specific gravity of produced gas Oil specific gravity dimensionless Water specific gravity dimensionless Parameter which combines Joule-Thompson and Kinetic Energy effects. Wellbore inclination with horizontal, degree fluid viscosity, Cp Density, lbm/ft3 Earth density, lbm/ft3 REFERENCES Sagar, R.K., Dotty, D.R., and Schmidt, Z: â€Å"Predicting Temperature Profiles in a flowing well,† Paper SPE 19702 presented at 1989 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX Oct.8 –11 Hassan, A.R. and Kabir, C.S.: â€Å"Heat transfer during 2 –phase flows in wellbores –part II- wellbore fluid Temperature† Hassan, A.R. and Kabir, C.S.: â€Å"Heat transfer during 2 –phase flows in wellbores –part I-Formation Temperature† Ramey, H.J. Jr.: â€Å"wellbore Heat transmission,† JPT (April 1962) 435 Trans AIME, No. 225. Alves, I.N. Alhanati and Shiham, U.: â€Å" A Unified Model for predicting flowing Temperature distribution in wellbores and pipelines â€Å"SPE 20632. G.J Plisga, â€Å"Temperature in wells,† Sohio Alaska Petroleum company. Farouq Ali, S.M.: â€Å"A comprehensive wellbore steam/water flow model for steam injection wells,† Paper 196337 presented at the SPE California Regional meeting, Ventura, CA, April 8 –10,1987 Shiu,K.C. and Beggs, H.D.: â€Å" Predicting Temperatures in Flowing Oil wells,† J. Energy Resources Tech, (March 1989 1- 11) Lesem, I.B. et al.: â€Å"A method of calculating the Distribution of temperature in flowing Gas wells,† Trans, AIME (1957) 210,pg 169. Nowak,T.J.: â€Å"The Estimation of water injection profiles from Temperature surveys,† JPT (Aug. 1953) 203,Trans AIME,198. Gany R. Wooley; â€Å"Computing Downhole temperature in circulating, injection and production wells†. SPE, Enertech Engineering and Research Co. Willhite, G.P; â€Å"Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient in steam and Hot Water injection Wells†, JPT (May 1967) 607-615 Schlumberger, M., Doll, H. G., ‘Temperature Measurement in oil wells,† J. Inst. Pet. Technologist (Jan, 1937) 13, 159 Kick Patrick, C.V: â€Å"Advance in Gaslift Technology†, Drill. Prod. Prac. (March 1959) 24 60. Moss J.T and White, P.D; How to calculate Temperature Profile in a Water Injection Well,† Oil Gas Journal. (March 9, 1959) 57, NoII, 174. Willterholt, E. J. andd Tixier, M.P.: â€Å"Temperature Logging in Injetion Wells,† Paper SPE 4022 presented at the 1972 SPE Annual fall Meeting San Antonio, TX Oct. 8-11. Edwardson, M.J et al: â€Å"Calculation of formation Temperature Disturbances caused by mud circulation, â€Å"JPT (April 1962) 416-26; Trans., AIME, 225. APPENDIX A There are certain parameters we must compute before finally calculating the wellbore fluid temperatures, Tf , These parameters are itemized: a. Geothermal gradient, gT b. , dimensionless correction parameter which depends on Joule-Thompson expansion and GLR c. dimensionless transient heat conduction time function of the formation, f(t) = TD d. The overall thermal transfer coefficient, Uto e. The inverse Relaxation distance, A , ft. f. Using the model (23) to estimate the wellbore fluid temperature. a. GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT, gT The undisturbed temperature of the formation, Tei, is generally assumed to vary linearly with depth.Thus, Tei=Teibh-gTZ†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. A1 where gT represents the geothermal gradient and Teibh is the undisturbed formation temperature at the bottom hole, Z gT = (Teibh – Tei)/Z†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.A2 Numerically, using the data in chapter 4 gT = (108oF – 760F)/5355ft Geothermal, gT = 0.0059757oF/ft b. DIMENSIONLESS CORRECTION PARAMETER, This parameter depends on Joule-Thompson expansion and cooling effects and can be estimated by empirical correlation for a unit mass flow rate W=1Lb/sec: =-0.002978+1.006X10-6Pwh+1.906X10-4W-1.047X10-6GLR-0.3551gT+3.229X10-5API +0.004009Yg†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..A3 Gas –to-liquid Ratio, GLR = GLR = qg /(qo+qL)=41X103scf/(542+59)STB GLR =69.374 scf/STB Thus, upon substitution into A2, can be estimated: c. THE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF TUBING FLUID, Cpm In other to compute the fluid temperatures at various depths, we need to compute first the specific heat of tubing fluid which is determined by : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..A4 where typical values for oil, Cpo and water, Cpw are respectively 0.485 and 1.0 Btu/1bm.oF d. THE MASS FLOW RATE, W The mass fluid flow rate is calculated by: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A5 where Oil, water and gas flow rates are: qo, qW, qg respectively .†APIG† is used to represent the API Gravity of oil. e. THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, U During exchange of heat in the wellbore, heat is transfer from earth/formation to the fluid is in two parts: (i) Overall heat transfer for fluid through tubing is given by: (ii) For casing flow, we have: therefore, the overall heat transfer coefficient is thus: or explicitly: f. THE THOMPSON COEFFICIENT, To account for cooling and expansion as a result of gas in the well bore a dimensionless constant, Joule-Thompson correction factor is introduced, computed by Sagar et al : =1.006X10-6Pwh+1.906X10-4W-2.978X10-3-1.047X10-6 GLR+3.229X10-5APIG+4.009X10-3Yg-0.35511gT where PWh, W and gT are wellhead pressure , mass flow rate and geothermal gradient of earth. g. TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION TIME FUNCTION, f(t) from equation (25) f(t)= using the data provided: f(t)=T f(t)= 2.306 h. WELLBORE FLUID TEMPERATURE, Tf Model (23) permits the estimation of the temperature of fluids as a function of depth and producing times. This model is suitable for slide-rule calculation. Where j=1,2,3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦N Temperature profiles can therefore be obtained at various depths using the thermal conductivity of the earth to be 1.4 Btu/hr-ft-0F Research Papers on Fluid Temperature Distributation in Oil Riordan Manufacturing Production PlanResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBringing Democracy to AfricaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperMind TravelDefinition of Export Quotas